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深度 | 重构南方区域电力中长期市场:国外理论与发展实践综述

2020-04-02 10:35来源:广东电力关键词:电力市场电力交易电力体制改革收藏点赞

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3 典型电力中长期市场实践经验小结

3.1电力中长期市场模式存在一定的演化规律

包括美国、北欧、英国在内,在大多数推行电力工业去管制化的国家中,中长期市场一般均以双边形式的场外交易起步;随后则需要相当的时间以对市场的微观结构进行调整,具体内容包括完善清算设施、对合约作标准化设计以及出台相关规则;最后才逐步出现稳健、高水平的场内交易。事实上,这也反映出电力中长期市场模式确存一定的客观演化规律,图2即针对此作了总结和示意。

微信图片_20200402103154.jpg

图2 中长期市场模式的演化规律

Fig.2 Evolution rules of forward market

另一方面,就场内中长期市场与现货市场的组织协同模式来看,虽然上述3个典型市场最终均发展至期货交易所协作模式,但其在市场起步阶段的模式选择并不一致。对比美国、北欧电力中长期市场发展历程,不难发现:在市场起步阶段采取期货、现货交易一体化模式,更有利于统筹考虑和顶层设计,保障市场稳健起步;但在发展成熟阶段,转轨至期货交易所协作模式,则更有利于与金融业有效交融,并形成规模经济优势。

3.2电力现货市场对电力中长期市场的繁荣稳定存决定性影响

尽管电力中长期市场因带有显著的金融属性而与金融市场息息相关,但从上述3个典型电力中长期市场的发展历程来看,真正对其长期发展起决定性作用的仍是电力现货市场:①美、英两国的金融业虽颇为发达,但前者的电力中长期市场曾因电力现货市场的不完善而出现了重大波折,后者则因发售一体化程度的加深而出现了流动性衰退;②北欧的金融业较之上述二者并无明显优势,但其现货市场机制设计透明、稳定,发售两侧竞争充分,保证了中长期市场长期稳健的运行态势;③发售一体化使得风险内部消化,可能会降低其参与中长期交易的意愿,并致使市场流动性萎缩,抬高了中小型售电公司对冲风险的成本。

4 对重构南方区域电力中长期市场的启示与建议

市场设计者在对南方区域电力中长期市场进行重构时,不可避免地会面对部分现实约束问题,其有必要在充分吸纳国外相关理论和发展实践经验、把握客观规律的同时,寻找解决问题的“中国道路”。

4.1应重视政府授权合约的设计与应用

现货市场的机制设计需要在实践的过程中得到不断地完善,其间机制的不健全极易使其成为发电侧行使市场力的温床。此时,若无足够份额的中长期合约覆盖多数电量,市场力问题可能极具破坏力;但合约覆盖电量过多、或设计不尽合理,则可能诱使现货市场价格信号被扭曲。

针对我国南方区域电力市场的清洁能源、非竞争性电量的消纳问题,可有区别性地设计带交割曲线的政府授权合约予以解决;针对部分竞争性电量,则有必要在测算的基础上确定政府授权合约的仓位。

4.2需顺应电力中长期市场模式的演化规律

电力中长期市场需要一段较长的发展过渡过程以实现微观结构调整,才能实现由场外市场为主至场内市场为主的市场模式变迁。在相关机制未完善的前提下,过于激进地推动电力中长期交易场内化的步伐,可能难以实现有效的风险管理功能。

我国的电力交易机构在发展初期应积极介入场外交易的清算环节而非交易环节,为市场参与者提供标准化合约模板、电子交易系统和清算支持;中远期可通过期货、现货交易一体化模式,开展集中式、多对多的场内交易,保障中长期市场与现货市场的协调发展。

4.3有必要针对市场结构作深层次改革

一方面,现货市场的竞争充分与否,决定了中长期市场能够实现长期的稳健发展。市场设计者在利用政府授权合约等工具缓释市场力问题的同时,有必要渐进地推行发电侧的结构性改革,鼓励社会资本进行电源投资。

另一方面,中长期市场各项功能的顺畅发挥,有赖于充裕的流动性支持。市场设计者可在完善中长期市场监管机制的同时,分步骤、有限度地放开符合准入门槛的金融机构参与交易过程,利用其提供做市、经纪服务,对市场流动性形成有效支持。

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原标题:重构南方区域电力中长期市场:(一)国外理论与发展实践综述
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